Analysis of the causes of bridge crane accidents and safety management 橋式起重機事故原因分析及安全管理 Analysis of the causes of bridge crane accidents and safety management 引發(fā)橋式起重機起重吊運作業(yè)事故主要危險因素有：未發(fā)信號，使用不合格吊具超載吊運，安全防護裝置失靈，指揮信號不明或亂指揮，吊物捆綁不牢，歪拉斜掛吊運，棱角快口沒有襯墊等。在對314起起重機事故按機型分類的統(tǒng)計中，橋式起重機發(fā)生事故數(shù)量是59起，所占比例為18.8％，事故發(fā)生率是所有起重機械里面最高的。因此必須加強對起重作業(yè)人員的安全操作規(guī)程和規(guī)章制度教育，提高起重作業(yè)人員的安全素質(zhì)。 Cause of bridge crane hoisting and lifting operation accident risk factors: no signal, the use of substandard hoist overload lifting, safety protection device failure, the command signal is unknown or arbitrary command, hanging binding is not strong, crooked pull over the lifting, angular openings no liner etc.. In 314 crane accidents according to statistical models classification, bridge crane accident number is 59, the proportion of 18.8%, the accident rate is the highest of all hoisting machinery. It is necessary to strengthen the operation rules and regulations on safety education for lifting personnel, improve the safety quality of lifting operation personnel. 　　1起重機的機械事故 1 crane machine accidents 　　起重傷害與事故是指起重機械在作業(yè)過程中，由機具、吊物等所引起的人身傷亡或設(shè)備損壞事故。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在冶金、機電、鐵路、港口、建筑等生產(chǎn)部門，起重機械所發(fā)生的事故占有很大比例，高達25％左右，其中死亡事故占15％左右。如表1所示，其中在吊具打擊中，有3起脫鉤事故，占吊具打擊事故的50％；在斷繩事故中，有5起過卷事故，占斷繩事故的38.5％；在108起事故中，有2起是超載事故，占事故總數(shù)的1.9％。據(jù)統(tǒng)計結(jié)果可知，在108起典型起重傷害事故中，吊物脫落打擊事故占總事故數(shù)的25％，其傷亡人數(shù)占總傷亡人數(shù)的20.7％，居首位；其次是斷繩傷害事故，分別為12％和12.1％；居第3位的是擠壓傷害事故，分別為12％和9.3％。由此可見，吊物脫落打擊、斷繩和擠壓傷害事故是起重機械作業(yè)過程中的多發(fā)性事故。 Lifting injury and accident refers to the hoisting machinery in the process of the operation, caused by a machine, hanging, personal injury or equipment damage accidents. According to statistics, in metallurgy, machinery, railway, port, building the production department, the occurrence of heavy machinery accident occupies a large proportion, as high as 25%, which accounted for about 15% of deaths. As shown in Table 1, which in the sling blow, 3 blow from accidents, accounting for 50% of accident in a sling; rope break accident, there are 5 overwinding accident, accounting for rope-broken accident of 38.5%; in 108 cases, 2 were overload accident, accounting for 1.9% of the total number of accidents. According to the statistical results, in 108 typical lifting injury accident, hanging off against accidents accounted for the total number of accidents 25%, the death toll accounts for the total of 20.7% casualties, the first; followed by the rope break accident, respectively 12% and 12.1%; ranked third is crush injury accident, respectively. 12% and 9.3%. Thus, the hanging off the blow, rope and crush injury is the hoisting machinery in the process of operation of multiple accidents. 　　2橋式起重機重大事故的分析 Analysis of 2 major accidents of bridge crane 　　事故樹分析又稱為故障樹分析或事故邏輯分析,它是對系統(tǒng)安全性進行定性與定量分析評價的一種科學(xué)的和先進的方法，已被廣泛地運用到現(xiàn)代設(shè)計的多個領(lǐng)域之中。事故樹分析評價是運用由事件符號和邏輯符號組成的一種圖形模式，來分析人機系統(tǒng)中導(dǎo)致災(zāi)害事故的各種因素之間的因果關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系，從而判明系統(tǒng)運行當(dāng)中，各種事故發(fā)生的途徑和重點環(huán)節(jié)，為有效地控制，提供一個簡潔而形象的途徑。在作業(yè)過程中，由于人的失誤、機器故障、環(huán)境影響，隨時都有可能發(fā)生不同程度的事故。為了不使這些事故導(dǎo)致災(zāi)害性后果就要對系統(tǒng)中可能發(fā)生事故的各種不安全因素進行分析和預(yù)測，以采取相應(yīng)的措施和手段來防止和消除危險。因此一個系統(tǒng)的事故分析應(yīng)包括：系統(tǒng)可能發(fā)生災(zāi)害事故，也稱為頂上事件；系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固有的或潛在的事故因素，包括人、機器、環(huán)境因素；各個子系統(tǒng)及各因素之間的相互聯(lián)系與制約關(guān)系，即輸入—輸出的因果邏輯關(guān)系，并用專門的符號表示；計算系統(tǒng)的頂上事件的發(fā)生概率，進行定量分析與評價。 Fault tree analysis and analysis of fault tree analysis or accident logic, it is for the qualitative and quantitative analysis and evaluation of the security of the system is a scientific and advanced method, has been widely applied to many fields of modern design. Fault tree analysis evaluation is the use of a graphical model consisting of event symbols and symbolic logic, to analyze the causation and the logical relationship between the various factors causing disasters in man-machine system, so as to ascertain the system operation, approach and key links of various accidents, in order to effectively control, provides a concise and vivid the way. In the course of the operation, due to errors, machine failure, environment influence people, may occur at any time of the accident. In order not to make these accidents lead to disastrous consequences will be unsafe for the various possible accident system of factor analysis and prediction, to take corresponding measures and means to prevent and eliminate the risk of. Therefore, a systematic analysis of accident should include: the system may occur accident, also known as the top event; factors in the system inherent or potential accidents, including man, machine, environment factors; between each subsystem and each factor mutual connection and restriction, namely the input – output of the causal relation, and is represented by special symbols; the happening probability of the top event system, analysis and quantitative evaluation. 　　2.1事故樹分析程序 　　把事故樹的分析過程采用1個系統(tǒng)圖形建立起來，如圖1所示。 ? 　　2.2事故樹的建立 　　2.2.1建立事故樹圖 　　頂上事件：吊物擠、撞打擊傷害。吊車事故圖見圖2。 　　2.2.2事故樹分析 　　事故樹的割集： ? 　　事故樹的徑集： ? 　　2.3結(jié)構(gòu)重要度計算 　　導(dǎo)致頂事件發(fā)生的基本事件很多，在采取防止頂事件發(fā)生措施時應(yīng)該分清輕重緩急，優(yōu)先解決那些比較重要的問題，首先消除或控制那些對頂事件影響重大的基本事件。在故障樹分析中，用基本事件重要度來衡量某一基本事件對頂事件影響的大小?；臼录慕Y(jié)構(gòu)重要度取決它們在故障樹結(jié)構(gòu)中的位置。評價基本事件結(jié)構(gòu)重要度的方法：根據(jù)基本事件在最小割集中出現(xiàn)的情況評價在由較少基本事件組成的最小割集合中出現(xiàn)的基本事件，其結(jié)構(gòu)重要度較大；在不同最小割集合中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)多基本事件，其結(jié)構(gòu)重要度大?？砂聪率接嬎愕?個基本事件的結(jié)構(gòu)重要度： ? 　　式中k——故障樹包含的最小割集數(shù)目； 　　m——包含第i個基本事件的最小割集數(shù)目； 　　Rj——包含第i個基本事件的第j個最小割集中基本事件的數(shù)目。 　　采用事故樹分析軟件得出該事故樹的結(jié)構(gòu)重要度順序為： 　　I(17)>I(14)=I(15)=I(16)>I(8)=I(12)=I(6)=I 　　(7)=I(9)=I(10)=I(11)=I(13)=I(2)=I(3)=I(4)=I 　　(1)=I(5)

　　通過計算很顯然：基本事件X17對頂上事件發(fā)生的影響最大，基本事件X14,X15,X14的影響次之，而其它基本事件的影響較小。
　　　3.1管理體制 3.1 management system 　　建立健全各種管理制度，制定符合橋式起重機的安全規(guī)章制度。嚴(yán)格按照國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《起重機吊運指揮信號》(GB5082—85)的規(guī)定，除礦井提升設(shè)備和載人電梯外，使用其它其中機械作業(yè)時，實現(xiàn)全國統(tǒng)一的起重吊運指揮信號。對在用起重機要進行認(rèn)真的檢查，如存在隱患，應(yīng)及時采取措施，限期消除；維修保養(yǎng)不徹底的起重機禁止投入使用；嚴(yán)格防止僥幸和冒險的行為發(fā)生，真正樹立以人為本的原則，樹立“安全第一、預(yù)防為主”的方針。 Establish and perfect the management system, develop to comply with the safety rules and regulations of bridge crane. In strict accordance with the national standard ” crane ” command signal ( GB5082 – 85 ) regulations, except for the equipment and the passenger elevator in mine hoist, the use of other mechanical operation, to achieve the national unified commanding signal for lifting and moving. For serious examination in the crane to, such as the existence of hidden dangers, should take timely measures, eliminate the deadline; repair maintenance is not completely banned the Crane put into use; strictly prevent the occurrence of luck and risky behavior, truly people-oriented principle, establish the “safety first, prevention first ” approach. 　　3.2操作原則 3.2 principles of operation 　　起重機操作的要領(lǐng)是穩(wěn)、準(zhǔn)、快、安全、合理。穩(wěn)是指在起升和運行過程中，吊鉤和吊運物應(yīng)停于所需要的位置，不產(chǎn)生游擺和晃動；準(zhǔn)是指能把吊鉤平穩(wěn)準(zhǔn)確地停在所需要的位置；快是指在穩(wěn)和準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)上，使各運行機構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)地配合工作，以最少的時間，最近的運行距離完成吊運工作。這里所說的穩(wěn)、準(zhǔn)、快、安全、合理幾個方面是互相聯(lián)系、不可分割的。不穩(wěn)不準(zhǔn)就不能快；不保證安全生產(chǎn)，常出事故，快也就失去意義；只注意安全而不快，也就不能充分發(fā)揮起重機的效率；如果操作不合理，不但影響快，而且影響設(shè)備壽命。只要做到穩(wěn)、準(zhǔn)、快、安全、合理地操作，才能充分發(fā)揮起重機在生產(chǎn)中的作用。 Crane operation method is stable, accurate, fast, safe, reasonable. Stability refers to the lifting and running process, hook and lifting objects should be stopped in the required position, do not produce swim swing and sway; quasi refers to hook smoothly and accurately stop at the required position; fast refers to the stable and accurate basis, the operation mechanism of coordination with the work, to minimize the time, running distance recently completed the hoisting working. Here said the steady, accurate, fast, safe, reasonable aspects are interrelated, inseparable. Instability not cannot quickly; do not guarantee safety in production, often out of the accident, soon will lose its significance; only safety first and not fast, it can not give full play to the efficiency of crane; if the operation is not reasonable, not only affect the speed, but also affect the life of the equipment. As long as the steady, accurate, fast, safe, reasonable operation, in order to give full play to the role of the crane in the production. 　　3.3安全教育 3.3 safety education 　　橋式起重機在工作過程中，由于指揮不當(dāng)，缺乏經(jīng)驗，考慮不周，捆綁不牢，或司機操作不合理，精神不集中，或者設(shè)備有未被排除的故障，帶病工作的原因，都可能造成人身或設(shè)備事故。因此經(jīng)常進行安全教育是很有必要的。安全教育有定期教育和班前教育兩種形式。 Bridge crane in the work process, due to mismanagement, lack of experience, ill-conceived, binding is not strong, or the operation of the driver is not reasonable, spirit is not focused, or equipment is not excluded, cause sick work, may be caused by accident or equipment. Therefore, regular safety education is very necessary. Safety education and regular education and class education in two forms. 　　(1)定期教育。定期教育一般是由廠安全技術(shù)部門根據(jù)具體情況定期(一年或半年)組織全廠起重司機學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)安全生產(chǎn)知識，主要內(nèi)容是：①對安全操作規(guī)程進行詳細解釋；②學(xué)習(xí)交流有關(guān)起重機安全技術(shù)、檢驗的知識；③從本廠和外廠的事故例證中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)；④總結(jié)推廣本廠和外廠的安全生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗。 ( 1 ) regular education. Regular education is generally made of plant safety technology department according to the specific situation of regular ( or half a year ) organize crane drivers to learn the knowledge of production safety, the main content is as follows: a detailed explanation on the safety operation rules; learning the crane safety technology, test knowledge; from the accident example factory and outside plant in summing up experience; experience, summed up the promotion of safe production factory and outside plant. 　　(2)班前教育。班前教育每天由生產(chǎn)班長、安全員、帶班司機利用接班前的幾分鐘時間，向全班司機講述有關(guān)安全生產(chǎn)的注意事項，其內(nèi)容一般有以下幾方面：①交流本班組與兄弟單位安全生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)驗與教訓(xùn)；②指出本班組安全生產(chǎn)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，交待應(yīng)注意事項，及時堵塞事故漏洞；③講述安全生產(chǎn)有關(guān)知識，提醒司機正確使用防護用品等。 ( 2 ) the education before class. Before the class education daily by the production monitor, security guards, drivers use a succession of a few minutes before, to the class driver about notes on safety production, its content has the following several aspects:①communication safety production in this team and the brothers of the experience and lessons;②pointed out the weak link of the safety production, explain the matters needing attention, timely accident holes; the knowledge about the safety in production, to remind the driver of the proper use of protective equipment. 　　3.4使用過程中要遵守“十不吊”的原則 Adhere to the ” ten not hanging ” principle to the use of the 3.4 process 　　起重吊運“十不吊”規(guī)定的內(nèi)容是前人用生命和鮮血換來的教訓(xùn)，是起重吊運操作規(guī)程的基本內(nèi)容，是起重作業(yè)安全管理的核心內(nèi)容之一，是起重吊運作業(yè)人員必須掌握的最基本的安全操作規(guī)程。主要有：①超載或被吊重量不明時不吊；②指揮信號不明確時不吊；③捆綁，吊掛不牢或不平衡，可能引起吊物滑動時不吊；④被吊物上有人或有浮置物時不吊；⑤起重機結(jié)構(gòu)或零部件有影響安全工作的缺陷或損傷，如制動器及安全裝置失靈、吊鉤螺母防松裝置損壞，鋼絲繩損傷達到報廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時不吊；⑥遇有拉力不清的埋置物時不吊；⑦外拉斜吊重物時不吊；⑧工作場地昏暗，無法看清場地被吊物和指揮信號時不吊；⑨重物棱角處與捆綁鋼絲繩之間未加襯墊時不吊；⑩鋼(鐵)水包裝得太滿時不吊。 Lifting and moving ” ten not hanging ” provisions of the predecessors with the life and blood for the lesson, is lifting the basic content of the operating rules, is one of the core content of lifting operation safety management, is lifting operations personnel must master basic safety rules. Mainly has:①overload or hanging weight unknown not hanging; the command signal is not clear not hanging;③bound, hanging is not firm or imbalance, may cause hanging sliding without hanging;④be hanging on someone or a floating storage when not hanging; the crane structure or components affect safety defects or damage the whole work, such as brake and safety device failure, hook nut anti-loosing device damage, damage of rope to be scrapped not hanging;⑥in pull not clear onplants not hanging; the pull cable lifting not hanging; the dark workplace, cannot see clear suspended matter and command signal is not hanging; between the heavy edges and tied rope without liner is not hanging; and steel ( iron ) water packaging too full without hanging. 橋式起重作業(yè)也是事故發(fā)生頻繁的作業(yè)，從事起重吊運的作業(yè)人員，必須要有一定的安全生產(chǎn)技術(shù)知識，具有高度責(zé)任感，熟練掌握起重吊運的操作規(guī)程和一些規(guī)章制度，始終注意遵守“安全第一，預(yù)防為主”的國家安全生產(chǎn)八字方針，貫徹落實以人為本的理念。為了確保橋式起重機的安全作業(yè)，提高生產(chǎn)率，各個企業(yè)單位同時也應(yīng)該安裝各類可靠靈敏的安全裝置，經(jīng)常開展員工安全教育，經(jīng)常注意開展安全檢查，制定詳細的安全檢查表，時刻注意橋式起重機的保養(yǎng)和管理工作。 Bridge crane operation and accident frequent operation, engaged in heavy lifting operations personnel, must have certain knowledge of safe production technology, with a high sense of responsibility, master crane operation rules. And some rules and regulations, always pay attention to the ” safety first, prevention first ” national safe production the eight-character policy, implement the people-oriented concept. In order to ensure the safe operation of bridge crane, improve productivity, the enterprises should also be equipped with safety devices of various kinds of reliable and sensitive, often carry out employee safety education, often pay attention to carry out safety inspection, formulate detailed safety check list, always pay attention to the maintenance and management of bridge crane.

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